{"id":1988,"date":"2017-11-06T06:49:24","date_gmt":"2017-11-06T06:49:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.endcorporalpunishment.net\/?page_id=1988"},"modified":"2025-01-06T18:00:39","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T18:00:39","slug":"panama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/reports-on-every-state-and-territory\/panama\/","title":{"rendered":"Panama"},"content":{"rendered":"\n            <div class=\"separator- glacier-section\"  id=\"section-69d79aa5b67bc\">\n            <div class=\"container\">\n                <section>\n                    \n<div class=\"row\">\n\t\n\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3\" style=\"background: transparent  \">\n\t\n\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/reports-on-every-state-and-territory\/panama-es\/\" target=\"_self\" style=\"border-radius: 100px;\" class=\"btn btn-default  \">\n     Leer en espa\u00f1ol<\/a>\n\n<div class=\"feature-box text-center media-box \">\n    <div class=\"fbox-media\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" data-no-retina src=\"\/\/www.endcorporalpunishment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/flag-antigua.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"\" height=\"\" class=\"img-responsive\" \/>\n        \t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"fbox-desc\">\n        <h2><\/h2>\n        <span class=\"subtitle\"><\/span>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-9\" style=\"background: transparent  \">\n\t\n<div class=\"heading-block text-left heading-block-line\">\n\t<h2 class=\"special-heading\" >Country Report for Panama<\/h2>\n\t<\/div><div class=\"text-block shortcode-container\" >\n\t<p>LAST UPDATED: December 2024<\/p><p>*Panama is committed to reforming its laws to prohibit corporal punishment in all settings.*<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n\t\n\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-sm-12\" style=\"background: transparent  \">\n\t\n<div class=\"vertical\">    <ul class=\"nav nav-tabs\" role=\"tablist\">\n                    <li class=\"active\"><a href=\"#tabs-69d79aa5b72ec0\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\"> Summary<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li ><a href=\"#tabs-69d79aa5b72ec1\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\"> Legality <\/a><\/li>\n                    <li ><a href=\"#tabs-69d79aa5b72ec2\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\"> UPR<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li ><a href=\"#tabs-69d79aa5b72ec3\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\"> Treaty bodies<\/a><\/li>\n                    <li ><a href=\"#tabs-69d79aa5b72ec4\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\"> Research<\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n\n    <div class=\"tab-content\">\n                    <div class=\"tab-pane active\" id=\"tabs-69d79aa5b72ec0\">\n                <h3>Panama\u2019s commitment to prohibiting corporal punishment<\/h3><p>Panama expressed its commitment to prohibiting all corporal punishment by clearly accepting recommendations to do so made during the Universal Periodic Review of Panama in 2010 and again in 2015.<\/p><h3>Summary of necessary legal reform to achieve full prohibition<\/h3><p>Prohibition is still to be achieved in the home, alternative care settings, day care and schools.<\/p><p>The Family Code 1994 (arts. 319 and 443) confirms the right of parents, teachers and others with parental authority to \u201cmoderately\u201d correct children. Laws against violence and abuse prohibit only corporal punishment which causes injury. Children have a right to protection from <em>all<\/em> corporal punishment. The near universal social acceptance of corporal punishment in childrearing necessitates clarity in law that no degree of corporal punishment is acceptable or lawful, however light. The legal defences of \u201cmoderate correction\u201d should be repealed and prohibition should be enacted of all corporal punishment, in the home and all other settings where adults have parental authority.<\/p><p><em>Alternative care settings<\/em> \u2013 Prohibition of <em>all<\/em> corporal punishment should be enacted in legislation applicable to all alternative care settings (foster care, institutions, places of safety, emergency care etc).<\/p><p><em>Day care<\/em> \u2013 Corporal punishment should be prohibited in all early childhood care (nurseries, cr\u00e8ches, kindergartens, preschools, family centres, etc) and all day care for older children (day centres, after-school childcare, childminding, etc).<\/p><p><em>Schools<\/em> \u2013 Prohibition should be enacted of <em>all<\/em> corporal punishment in schools (public and private), not only that understood to cause injury.<\/p>            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"tabs-69d79aa5b72ec1\">\n                <h3>Current legality of corporal punishment<\/h3><h3>Home<\/h3><p>Corporal punishment is lawful in the home. Under article 319 of the Family Code 1994 those with parental authority over children have a duty and power \u201cto reasonably and moderately correct them\u201d, and there is a similar provision in article 443 in relation to guardians\/tutors. The Family Code 1994 (art. 501) and the Criminal Code 2007 (art. 198) protect children from corporal punishment which causes physical injury but do not prohibit all corporal punishment. Other legal provisions against violence and abuse in the Family Code 1994, Law No. 38 on Domestic Violence and Abuse of Children and Adolescents 2001, the Criminal Code 2007 and the Constitution 1972 are not interpreted as prohibiting all corporal punishment.<\/p><p>In 2007 a project for a comprehensive law on children\u2019s rights was submitted to Congress but as at October 2011 it had not been approved. A draft law on the promotion and integral protection of the family is under discussion, but we have no further information. The Government signaled its commitment to prohibition by accepting recommendations made during the Universal Periodic Review of Panama in 2010 to prohibit all forms of corporal punishment of children.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> At the second cycle UPR in 2015, the Government again accepted a recommendation to prohibit in all settings, and to repeal the power to correct in the Family and Civil Codes.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> In September 2015, the Government reported to the Human Rights Council that a high-level inter-institutional commission had been established to draft a comprehensive law for the protection of children.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Reporting to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in November 2017, the Government stated that the draft law was in consultations phase and would shortly be presented to the Cabinet for approval.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> It was introduced to Parliament in 2018.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>In August 2017, the Government reported to the Committee Against Torture that a technical commission (the Commission on the Prevention of Violence Against Children, COPREVINA) had been established to remedy the lack of an explicit prohibition of corporal punishment.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> It was specified in November 2017 that the commission would \u201caddress the updating of current legislation in the field of childhood and adolescence\u201d within the National Strategy on the Prevention of Violence Against Children.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7] <\/a>The Government again supported recommendations to explicitly prohibit corporal punishment in all settings, during Panama\u2019s third cycle UPR in 2020.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[8]<\/a><\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><h3>Alternative care settings<\/h3><p>Corporal punishment is lawful in alternative care settings under the right of correction in the Family Code 1994 (see under \u201cHome\u201d).<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><h3>Day care<\/h3><p>Corporal punishment is lawful in early childhood care and in day care for older children under the right of correction in the Family Code 1994 (see under \u201cHome\u201d).<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><h3>Schools<\/h3><p>Corporal punishment is lawful in schools under the right of persons with parental authority to correct children in articles 319 and 443 of the Family Code (see under \u201cHome\u201d; information unconfirmed).<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><h3>Penal institutions<\/h3><p>Corporal punishment is unlawful as a disciplinary measure in penal institutions. It is explicitly prohibited in article 144 of Law No. 40 on the Special regime of criminal responsibility regarding adolescents. Law No. 55 2003 provides for respect of human rights within the penitentiary system.<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><h3>Sentence for crime<\/h3><p>Corporal punishment is unlawful as a sentence for crime under the Criminal Code 2007 and Law No. 40 on the special regime of criminal responsibility regarding adolescents 1999.<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> 4 January 2011, A\/HRC\/16\/6, Report of the working group, paras. 70(15) and 70(16)<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> 8 July 2015, A\/HRC\/30\/7, Report of the working group, para. 90(75)<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> 1 October 2015, Future A\/HRC\/30\/2 Advance unedited version, Draft report of the Human Rights Council on its 30th session, para. 350<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> 1 November 2017, CRC\/C\/PAN\/Q\/5-6\/Add.1, Reply to List of issues, paras. 1 and 2<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Communication with IDEMI, June 2018<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> See <a href=\"http:\/\/ohchr.org\/EN\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21943&amp;LangID=E\">http:\/\/ohchr.org\/EN\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21943&amp;LangID=E<\/a>, accessed 21 August 2017<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> 1 November 2017, CRC\/C\/PAN\/Q\/5-6\/Add.1, Reply to List of issues, para. 34<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[8]<\/a> 21 December 2020\/A\/HRC\/46\/8, Report of the working group, paras. 104.157, 104.158 and 104.159<\/p>            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"tabs-69d79aa5b72ec2\">\n                <h3>Universal Periodic Review of Panama\u2019s human rights record<\/h3><p>Panama was examined in the first cycle of the Universal Periodic Review in 2010 (session 9). The following recommendations were made:<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cProhibit all forms of corporal punishment of children (Brazil);<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cMake efforts to include in its legislation a prohibition of all forms of corporal punishment of children (Costa Rica)\u201d<\/p><p>The Government accepted the recommendations, stating: \u201cThe possibility of forthcoming legislation prohibiting all forms of corporal punishment against children is being considered.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><p>Examination in the second cycle took place in 2015 (session 22). During the review the following recommendation was made and was accepted by the Government:<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cExplicitly prohibit all corporal punishment of children in all settings, including in the home, and repeal the power to \u2018correct\u2019 in the Family Code and the Civil Code (Sweden)\u201d<\/p><p>Panama was examined in the third UPR cycle in 2020 (session 36). During the review the following recommendations were made and accepted by the Government:<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[4]<\/a><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cProhibit, through legislative and administrative provisions, the use of corporal punishment in all settings, in particular in schools and in childcare institutions (Timor-Leste);<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cReview the national family law, including to incorporate a clear prohibition of all forms of corporal punishment of children (Portugal);<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u201cExplicitly prohibit the use of corporal punishment in all settings through legislative and administrative provisions (Montenegro)\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> 4 January 2011, A\/HRC\/16\/6, Report of the working group, paras. 70(15) and 70(16)<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> 17 February 2011, A\/HRC\/16\/6\/Add.1, Report of the working group: Addendum<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> 8 July 2015, A\/HRC\/30\/7, Report of the working group, para. 90(75)<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[4]<\/a> 22 February 2021, A\/HRC\/46\/8\/Add.1, Report of the working group: Addendum<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[5]<\/a> 21 December 2020\/A\/HRC\/46\/8, Report of the working group, paras. 104.157, 104.158 and 104.159<\/p>            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"tabs-69d79aa5b72ec3\">\n                <h3>Recommendations by human rights treaty bodies<\/h3><h3>Committee on the Rights of the Child<\/h3><p>(2 February 2018, CRC\/C\/PAN\/CO\/5-6 Advance unedited version, Concluding observations on fifth\/sixth report, para. 21)<\/p><p>\u201cThe Committee is concerned at indications in the State party report that 44.9 per cent of children under 14 years of age have experienced some form of violent discipline in the months before 2013 and urges the State party, with reference to its general comment No. 8 (2006) on the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment, to its previous concluding observations (CRC\/C\/PAN\/CO\/3-4, para. 46), as well as to the State party\u2019s commitments under both cycles of the Universal Periodic Review, to:<\/p><p>(a) Revise articles 319 and 443 of the Family Code and explicitly prohibit, through legislative and administrative provisions, the use of corporal punishment in all settings, namely in schools, childcare institutions, including early childhood care institutions, alternative care settings, in the home and in juvenile detention centres;<\/p><p>(b) Reinforce measures to raise the awareness of parents, professionals working with children and the public in general on the harm caused by corporal punishment and promote positive, non-violent and participatory forms of child-rearing and discipline;<\/p><p>(c) Seek technical assistance from UNICEF in that regard, including on the child-friendly school programme.\u201d<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p>Committee on the Rights of the Child<\/p><p>(21 December 2011, CRC\/C\/PAN\/CO\/3-4, Concluding observations on third\/fourth report, paras. 45 and 46)<\/p><p>\u201cThe Committee is concerned that the law does not expressly prohibit corporal punishment in the home and in schools. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned that the Family Code (1994, art. 319) and the Civil Code (art. 188) confer the right of parents and guardians in alternative care settings to \u2018correct\u2019 children \u2018reasonably and moderately\u2019 and that the Family Code (art. 443) authorizes guardians to \u2018moderately correct\u2019 their wards.<\/p><p>\u201cThe Committee reiterates its recommendations to explicitly prohibit in the State party\u2019s legislation all forms of corporal punishment of children and to promote alternative forms of discipline. In this sense the Committee recommends that articles 319 and 443 of the Family Code and article 188 of the Civil Code be revised taking into account the Committee\u2019s General comment number 8 (2006) on the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment.\u201d<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p>Committee on the Rights of the Child<\/p><p>(30 June 2004, CRC\/C\/15\/Add.233, Concluding observations on second report, paras. 33, 34 and 40)<\/p><p>\u201cWhile welcoming the prohibition of corporal punishment and other forms of violence against children by the adoption of the Law 38 on domestic violence and mistreatment of children and adolescents, which allows for the removal of the alleged perpetrator of violence against the child from the home, the Committee is concerned at the lack of specific measures for its full implementation.<\/p><p>\u201cThe Committee recommends that the State party takes the necessary measures:<\/p><p>a) for the full implementation of the Law 38, inter alia, through public education campaigns about the negative consequences of ill-treatment of children in order to change attitudes about corporal punishment, and promote positive, non-violent forms of discipline in the family, the schools and other institutions as an alternative to such punishment;<\/p><p>b) to strengthen complaints mechanisms for children in institutions to ensure that complaints of ill-treatment are dealt with effectively and in a child-sensitive manner by an independent body;<\/p><p>c) to ensure sufficient financial and other resources for the effective implementation of this law.<\/p><p>\u201cThe Committee reiterates the following recommendation to the State party:<\/p><p>a) that effective public awareness campaigns be developed and that measures be adopted to provide information, parental guidance and counselling with a view, inter alia, to preventing violence against their children, including the use of corporal punishment\u2026.\u201d<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><p>Committee on the Rights of the Child<\/p><p>(24 January 1997, CRC\/C\/15\/Add.68, Concluding observations on initial report, paras. 16 and 30)<\/p><p>\u201cThe Committee is concerned by the persistence of violence against children within the family, including the use of corporal punishment. In the light of article 17 of the Convention, the Committee is also concerned about the need for further measures to protect children from media information and material injurious to their well-being.<\/p><p>\u201cThe Committee recommends that effective public awareness campaigns be developed and that measures be adopted by the State party to provide appropriate assistance to the family in the performance of its child-rearing responsibilities, including parental guidance and counselling, with a view, inter alia, to preventing domestic violence and to prohibiting the use of corporal punishment as well as to preventing early pregnancies\u2026.\u201d<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><h3>Committee Against Torture<\/h3><p>([August 2017], CAT\/C\/PAN\/CO\/4, Concluding observations on fourth report, Advance unedited version, in Spanish only, paras. 48 and 49)<\/p><p>\u201cEl Comit\u00e9 toma nota sobre los trabajos del Comit\u00e9 Nacional Intersectorial para la Prevenci\u00f3n de la Violencia contra Ni\u00f1os, Ni\u00f1as y Adolescentes, pero observa con preocupaci\u00f3n que el Estado parte no cuenta todav\u00eda con legislaci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica que proh\u00edba expresamente los castigos corporales en todas las circunstancias (art. 16).<\/p><p>\u201cEl Estado parte debe dotarse de una legislaci\u00f3n que proh\u00edba el castigo corporal a menores en todas las circunstancias, emprender campa\u00f1as de sensibilizaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica sobre sus efectos perjudiciales y promover formas positivas no violentas de disciplina como alternativas al castigo corporal.\u201d<\/p><p>&nbsp;<\/p><h3>Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<\/h3><p>(29 August 2017, CRPD\/C\/PAN\/CO\/1 Advance unedited version, Concluding observations on initial report, in Spanish only, paras. 22 and 23)<\/p><p>\u201cEl Comit\u00e9 est\u00e1 preocupado por el hecho de que la legislaci\u00f3n no proh\u00edbe expresamente todos los castigos corporales en el hogar, las escuelas, las guarder\u00edas, y entornos de cuidado alternativo.<\/p><p>\u201cEl Comit\u00e9 urge al Estado parte a derogar las disposiciones en el C\u00f3digo Civil y el C\u00f3digo de la Familia que otorgan a los adultos cuidadores de ni\u00f1os y ni\u00f1as la facultad de \u201ccorregir\u201d y sancionarlos moderadamente, y recomienda que elabore legislaci\u00f3n prohibiendo absolutamente el castigo corporal en cualquier entorno, incluyendo el familiar y en las comunidades ind\u00edgenas y afrodescendientes, y que haga todos esfuerzos necesarios para asegurar la implementaci\u00f3n de esta legislaci\u00f3n. \u201d<\/p>            <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"tabs-69d79aa5b72ec4\">\n                <h3>Prevalence\/attitudinal research in the last ten years<\/h3><p>Research conducted in 2013 as part of UNICEF\u2019s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) programme found 45% of 1-14 year-old children experienced some form of violent \u201cdiscipline\u201d (psychological aggression and\/or physical punishment) in the month prior to the survey. The survey found 33% of children experienced psychological aggression, 27% physical punishment and 2% severe physical punishment (hit or slapped on the face, head or ears, or hit repeatedly). Only 36% of children experienced only non-violent forms of discipline.<\/p><p>(Contralor\u00eda General de la Rep\u00fablica (2014), <em>Encuesta de Indicadores M\u00faltiples por Conglomerados de Panam\u00e1 2013, Resultados Principales<\/em>, Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1: Contralor\u00eda General)<\/p><p>According to UNICEF statistics collected in 2013, 45% of children aged 1-14 experienced \u201cviolent discipline\u201d (physical punishment and\/or psychological aggression) in the home in the month prior to the survey. Twenty-nine per cent experienced physical punishment and 33% experienced psychological aggression (being shouted at, yelled at, screamed at or insulted). Seventeen per cent of one year olds had been \u201cspanked\u201d, hit or slapped on the bottom with a bare hand and ten per cent had been hit or slapped on the hand, arm or leg. A smaller percentage (8%) of mothers and caregivers thought that physical punishment was necessary in childrearing.<\/p><p>(UNICEF (2014), <em>Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children<\/em>, NY: UNICEF)<\/p><p>A report on juvenile detention centres in Panama found that the young people were regularly subjected to very severe corporal punishment including beatings, the use of tear gas, being shot with rubber bullets and threatened with rifles. Other cruel and degrading punishments included the denial of family visits and imprisonment in very small cells with little water. The report was based on visits to four detention centres, which together housed 268 juvenile detainees, approximately 82% of the total population of the juvenile detention system.<\/p><p>(Harvard International Human Rights Clinic, Alianza Ciudadana Pro Justicia &amp; Asamblea Ciudadana de Panam\u00e1 (2011), <em>Preventable Tragedy in Panama: Unnecessary Deaths and Rights Violations in Juvenile Detention Centers, <\/em>report submitted to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child for its 57<sup>th<\/sup> session)<\/p>            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n                <\/section>\n            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leer en espa\u00f1ol Country Report for Panama LAST UPDATED: December 2024*Panama is committed to reforming its laws to prohibit corporal punishment in all settings.* Summary Legality UPR Treaty bodies Research Panama\u2019s commitment to prohibiting corporal punishmentPanama expressed its commitment to prohibiting all corporal punishment by clearly accepting recommendations to do so made during the Universal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1301,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1988","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1988","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1988"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27069,"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1988\/revisions\/27069"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1301"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/endcorporalpunishment.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}